Introduction to the CRISPR/Cas9 system
A powerful method for engineering your gene of interest
CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) / Cas9 ±â¼úÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Genome Editing ±â¼úÀÎ Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)¿¡ ºñÇØ º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀÌ°í ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁýÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. CRISPR/Cas9 ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ À¯±âü (organism)¿¡¼µµ Ç¥Àû ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý (Site-specific genomic targeting)À»
ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Type II CRISPR/Cas ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº ¿øÇÙ »ý¹°ÀÇ ÀûÀÀ ¸é¿ª ½Ã½ºÅÛ (prokaryotic adaptive immune response system)À¸·Î½á, Cas9 nuclease¸¦ À¯µµÇÏ´Â non-coding RNA¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ƯÀ̼º
³ôÀº DNA Àý´Ü (site-specific DNA cleavage) ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ DNA ¼Õ»óÀº ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ DNA repair mechanismÀÎ Non-homologous end joining DNA repair pathway (NHEJ) ¶Ç´Â
Homology-directed repair pathway (HDR)¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼öº¹µÈ´Ù.
¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº CRISPR/Cas9 ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ RNA-programmable ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© º¸´Ù °£´ÜÇÑ Æ÷À¯·ù ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁýÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ CRISPR À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇØ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
NHEJ repair¿Í HDR repair ¸ðµÎ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Gene disruption¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁýÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Cas9 nuclease¸¦
ƯÁ¤À¯ÀüÀÚ·Î À¯µµÇϱâ À§ÇÑ single guide RNA (sgRNA)¸¦ Á¦Á¶ÇÑ´Ù. Cas9 nuclease¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýµÈ double-strand DNA break Çö»óÀº NHEJ DNA Repair pathway ¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¼öº¹µÈ´Ù.
NHEJ Repair´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â º¹±¸ ¹æ½ÄÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ À¯ÀüÀÚÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÀúÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ »ðÀÔ ¶Ç´Â »èÁ¦ (insertion and deletions; Indels)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù (±×¸² 1)
±×¸² 1. CRISPR/Cas9 ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ gene disruption ¿ø¸®
(1) Single guide RNA (sgRNA)´Â Ç¥Àû DNA¿Í »óº¸ÀûÀ¸·Î °áÇÕÇÏ´Â crRNA ¼¿°ú Cas9 ´Ü¹éÁú°ú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â tracrRNA·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
(2) sgRNA¿Í DNA endonuclease È°¼ºÀ» °¡Áø Cas9 ÀçÁ¶ÇÕ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ º¹ÇÕü¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
(3) sgRNA-Cas9 º¹ÇÕü°¡ ¸ñÀûÀ¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ »óº¸Àû °áÇÕ ÈÄ, Double-strand DNA¸¦ Àý´ÜÇÑ´Ù
(4) Àý´ÜºÎÀ§´Â Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼öº¹ÀÌ µÇ°í, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ insertions/deletions (INDELs)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© À¯ÀüÀÚ ±â´ÉÀÌ Æı«µÈ´Ù.
CRISPR/Cas9 ±â¼úÀº ¸Å¿ì Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁý ±â¼ú·Î, ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â ¾î·Á¿ü´ø À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁýÀ» È¿À²ÀûÀÌ°í ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ÁøÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÄ«¶ó¿¡¼ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Guide-it Á¦Ç°Àº
CRISPR/Csa9 À¯ÀüÀÚ ÆíÁýÀ» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¦Ç°À» Á¦°øÇÏ¿© CRISPR/Cas9 ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ »ç¿ë¼ºÀ» º¸´Ù Çâ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù.