qRT-PCR ¿Ü¿¡µµ C12, C18, C22 À¯·¡ÀÇ Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ ¸é¿ªÇü±¤¿°»öÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ¿© CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 ¹ßÇöÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 2). À̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹®¸Æ (Periportal)°ú Á¤¸ÆÇ÷ (perivecnous)
ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ °£¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ º¸À̴ ǥÇöÇü°ú À¯»çÇÑ CYP È¿¼ÒÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀ» ¿¬»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù (Jungermann and Kietzmann 2000).
±×¸² 2. Enhanced hiPS-HEP ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¸é¿ªÇü±¤¿°»ö
3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ Çص¿ 6ÀÏ ÈÄ (Panel A), Çص¿ 12ÀÏ ÈÄ (Panel B)¿¡¼ CYP1A2, 2C9, 3A4 ¹ßÇöÀ» ¿°»öÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.
´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ±×¸² 3. Panel AÀÇ CYP È¿¼ÒÀÇ È°¼ºÀ» LC/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry)·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Enhanced hiPS-HEP´Â Çص¿ 20½Ã°£ ÈÄÀÇ hphep¿Í À¯»çÇÑ CYP1A, CYP3A, CYP2C9 È°¼ºÀ» º¸¿´´Ù
(±×¸² 3. Panel B). CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C19ÀÇ È°¼ºµµ È®ÀÎ µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, hphep¿¡ ºñÇØ ³·Àº ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î È®ÀεǾú´Ù. Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ lot º° CYP È°¼º Â÷ÀÌ°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¹Ì¹ÌÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î È®ÀεǾúÀ¸¸ç
(±×¸² 3, Panel B, small error bar), ÀÌ´Â ºÐÈ °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. Richert et al. (2016) ¿¡¼ hphepÀ» 2D·Î ¹è¾çÇßÀ» ¶§ CYP È°¼ºÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ºü¸£°Ô °¨¼ÒÇß´ø ¹Ý¸é, enhanced hiPS-HEP´Â
Çص¿ 4ÀÏ ÈĺÎÅÍ 21ÀϱîÁö CYP È°¼ºÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ̾ú´Ù (±×¸² 3, Panel C). À̸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇغ¸¸é, Enhanced hiPS-HEP´Â lot º° variationÀÌ ³·°í ¹è¾ç ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö¼ÓµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó CYP È°¼ºÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ°Å³ª Áõ°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á,
¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÏ°üµÇ°í ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀΠǥÇöÇüÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
±×¸² 3. Enhanced hiPS-HEP ¼¼Æ÷¿Í hphep ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ÀÇ CYP È°¼º
(Panel A) CYP È°¼º Æò°¡¿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â CYP substrate¿Í °¢°¢ÀÇ ´ë»ç ¹°Áú. ¾à¹° ´ë»ç¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ, Áï È¿¼Ò¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ë»çµÇ´Â ¾à¹°ÀÇ ºñÀ²¿¡ µû¶ó ¼øÀ§°¡ ¸Å°ÜÁ³´Ù (Hewitt et al. 2007).
(Panel B) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 4ÀÏ, 12ÀÏ, 19ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿Í hphep (Çص¿ 20½Ã°£ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ CYP È°¼ºÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(Panel C) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 4ÀÏ, 8ÀÏ, 12ÀÏ, 15ÀÏ, 19ÀÏ, 21ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ CYP È°¼ºÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 6Á¾ÀÇ CYP È¿¼Ò¿¡¼ ¸ðµÎ 21ÀÏ µ¿¾È ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ßÇöÀ» º¸¿´´Ù.
Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ôµµ, ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ hiPSC¿¡¼ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced-hiPS-HEP´Â °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ CYP È°¼ºÀ» º¸À̸ç, ÀÌ´Â °³Ã¼ °£ CYP Ư¼ºÀÇ º¯À̸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù (±×¸² 3, Panel B). ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, C12, C22 À¯·¡º¸´Ù C18 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼
´õ ³ôÀº CYP3A È°¼ºÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. CYP3A µ¿Á¾ È¿¼ÒÀÎ CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7Àº È°¼º ºÐ¼®À¸·Î ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, qRT-PCR ºÐ¼® (±×¸² 1)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ µ¿Á¾ È¿¼Ò¿Í ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ °£ÀÇ ¹ßÇö º¯È¸¦ È®ÀÎÇß´Ù.
±×¸² 1¿¡¼ C18 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP´Â C12, C22 À¯·¡ÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷º¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº CYP3A5 ¹ßÇöÀ» º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹Ý¸é, CYP3A4´Â À¯»çÇÑ ¹ßÇöÀ» º¸¿´´Ù.
Effective expression and activity of phase II enzymes over an extended culture time
Phase II È¿¼Ò ¶ÇÇÑ ¾à¹° ´ë»ç °úÁ¤¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. SULT (sulfotransferases)¿Í UGT (uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase)¿Í °°Àº phase II È¿¼Ò´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÈÇÕ¹°ÀÇ ¿ëÇصµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ ½ÅÀåÀ¸·Î ¹è¼³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼
Phase II È¿¼Ò È°¼º°ú ¹ßÇöÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ°íÀÚ ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸ÕÀú, qRT-PCR ºÐ¼®À» ÅëÇØ, Çص¿ 4ÀÏ, 20ÀÏ ÈÄÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ UGT1A1, UGT2B7 mRNA ¹ßÇöÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÁöµÇ°Å³ª
¾à°£ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 4, Panel A). ÀÌ mRNA ¹ßÇöÀº hphep¿Í À¯»çÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 4, Panel B). SULT¿Í UGT È¿¼Ò È°¼ºÀº LC/MS·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç (±×¸² 4, Panel C),
À¯·¡ÇÑ hiPSC¿¡ °ü°è¾øÀÌ hphep°ú À¯»çÇÑ ³ôÀº È¿¼Ò È°¼ºÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. Enhanced hiPS-HEP´Â Çص¿ 4ÀÏ ÈÄ¿Í 19ÀÏ »çÀÌ¿¡ SULT, UGT ¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇöÇϰųª, ¹ßÇöÀÌ ¾à°£ Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×¸² 4. Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ º¸ÀÌ´Â phase II È¿¼ÒÀÇ ±â´É ¹ßÇö
(Panel A) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 4ÀÏ, 20ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ UGT1A1, UGT2B7 ¹ßÇö È®ÀÎ
(Panel B) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 13ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿Í hphep (Çص¿ 1ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ÀÇ UGT1A1, UGT2B7 È¿¼ÒÀÇ mRNA ¹ßÇöÀ» Á¤·® ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(Panel C) Enhanced hiPS-HEP¸¦ LC/MC·Î ºÐ¼®ÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹è¾ç ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó ³ôÀº SULT È°¼ºÀ» º¸¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ SULT ´ë»ç»ê¹°ÀÎ 7-OH-coumarin sulfate¿Í UGT ´ë»ç»ê¹°ÀÎ 7-OH-coumarin glucuronide°¡ ÃàÀûµÊÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Hepatic uptake and efflux transporter expression
Phase I, II È¿¼Ò¿Í ÇÔ²², enhanced hiPS-HEPÀÇ uptake transporter (NTCP, OCT1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3)¿Í efflux transporters (MRP2, MDR1, BSEP)
¹ßÇöÀ» hphep¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ qRT-PCR ºÐ¼®À» ÁøÇàÇßÀ» ¶§, phase I, II È¿¼Ò¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î transporter ¹ßÇöÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ̰ųª ¾à°£ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (±×¸² 5, Panel A-B).
±×¸² 5, Panel C¿¡¼ hphep¿Í ºñ±³ÇßÀ» ¶§, enhanced hiPS-HEP°¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ efflux transporter¿Í uptake transporter NTCP°¡ À¯»çÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¹ßÇöÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1´Â ³·°Ô ¹ßÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù.
C18 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼´Â OATP1B3 ¹ßÇöÀÌ È®ÀεÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
±×¸² 5. Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿Í hphep¿¡¼ÀÇ transporter mRNA ¹ßÇö
(Panel A-B) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 4ÀÏ, 20ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ uptake transporter, efflux transporter À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ mRNA ¹ßÇö ¼öÁØÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.
(Panel C) 3Á¾ÀÇ hiPSC (C12, C18, C22)·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐÈµÈ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Çص¿ 13ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿Í hphep (Çص¿ 1ÀÏ ÈÄ)¿¡¼ transporter mRNA ¹ßÇöÀ» ºñ±³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
*MDR1= multidrug resistance protein 1; BSEP = bile salt export pump; MRP2 = multidrug resistance-associated protein 2; NTCP = Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide; OCT1 = organic cation transporter 1; OATP1B1/1B3 = organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1/1B3.
Proof-of-concept chronic toxicity study
Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ ¾à¹° ´ë»ç¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â È¿¼ÒµéÀÇ ¹ßÇö°ú È°¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´ÙÀ½Àº ÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷µéÀÌ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø °£ µ¶¼º ¾à¹°À» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¸¸¼º µ¶¼º ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °£ ¼¼Æ÷ ¸ðµ¨ÀÎ 3D spheroid ÇüÅÂÀÇ hphep¿Í °£¾Ï¼¼Æ÷ÁÖÀÎ HepaRG¿¡¼µµ ºÐ¼®À» ÁøÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù.
±×¸² 6Àº °¢ hphep (Panel A), HepaRG ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ (Panel B), C18 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Panel C), C22 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Panel D)¿¡ aflatoxin ó¸® ÈÄÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷ »ýÁ¸´ÉÀ» È®ÀÎÇÑ °á°ú´Ù. Enhanced hiPS-HEPÀÇ °æ¿ì Çص¿ 4ÀÏ ÈÄ¿¡ aflatoxinÀ» ó¸®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ó¸® ÈÄ 2ÀÏ, 7ÀÏ, 14ÀÏ ÈÄ¿¡ »ýÁ¸´ÉÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ë·®¹ÝÀÀ°î¼± (Dose-response curve)Àº ¼¼Æ÷ »ýÁ¸À²¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÛ¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ç¥ 1¿¡¼´Â 4Á¾ÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀ» ó¸®ÇßÀ» ¶§, ó¸® 7ÀÏÂ÷ ȤÀº 14ÀÏ Â÷¿¡ EC50 °ªÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸² 6ÀÇ ¿ë·®¹ÝÀÀ°î¼±ÀÌ ¿ÞÂÊÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¿¹»óÇß´ø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ½ÇÇè¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ¸ðµç ¼¼Æ÷±º¿¡¼ ó¸® ¹°ÁúÀ» Àå±â°£ ³ëÃâÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó °¨µµ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇßÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù (±×¸² 7).
±×¸² 6. Enhanced hiPS-HEP¿¡¼ ÈÇÕ¹° 󸮽𣿡 µû¶ó °¨µµ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÔÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¿ë·®¹ÝÀÀ°î¼±
¾à¹° Æгο¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¹°ÁúÀÎ aflatoxinÀ» ¼¼ ³óµµ·Î °¢ ¼¼Æ÷±º¿¡ ó¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿ë·®¹ÝÀÀ°î¼±Àº °¢ hphep (Panel A), HepaRG ¼¼Æ÷ÁÖ (Panel B), C18 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Panel C),
C22 À¯·¡ÀÇ enhanced hiPS-HEP (Panel D)·Î Å×½ºÆ®ÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Cell type |
Timepoint (Days) |
Amiodarone |
Aflatoxin |
Troglitazone |
Chlorpromazine |
hphep cells |
2 |
100 |
0.62 |
32.4 |
15.5 |
7 |
12.3 |
0.09 |
4.5 |
8.1 |
|
14 |
12.8 |
0.02 |
1.4 |
5.2 |
|
HepaRG cells |
2 |
101 |
1.3 |
- |
67 |
7 |
34.7 |
0.3 |
36.5 |
32.4 |
|
14 |
18.5 |
0.1 |
34.6 |
34.4 |
|
Cellartis¢ç enhanced hiPS-HEP cells |
2 |
53.8 |
89 |
221.5 |
213.6 |
7 |
15.9 |
0.6 |
132.5 |
20 |
|
14 |
10.5 |
0.1 |
114.5 |
7.4 |
|
Cellartis¢ç enhanced hiPS-HEP cells |
2 |
110 |
401.1 |
262 |
47.8 |
7 |
10.1 |
6.4 |
153.4 |
14.8 |
|
14 |
5.2 |
6.9 |
168.7 |
15 |
Code |
Á¦Ç°¸í |
¿ë·® |
Y10133 |
1 Kit |
|
Y10134 |
1 Kit |
|
Y10135 |
1 Kit |